【改訂版】TOEFL Reading：出題される可能性の低い単語を一生懸命覚えているかも

以下、過去記事の改訂したものです。

 

「TOEFLスコアアップのために単語力（語彙力）を強化しなければならない」

 

このブログを読んでいる人の多くはそのように思われているでしょう。

 

単語力養成に努めるのはいいこと。私もトフレ！のコースの中で、単語力向上の重要性を繰り返し伝えています。

 

しかし現在、覚えようと頑張っている単語が、今あなたが覚えるべきものであるかどうかは別の話。

 

「TOEFLの単語本に掲載されてる単語だから全部覚えるべきなんじゃないの？」

 

と思われるかもしれません。しかしTOEFL単語本の中には本試験で出題される可能性の低い単語を多く含んでいるものもあります。

 

「単語を多く覚えているけど、TOEFLパッセージの理解度があまり上がらない」と感じる方はぜひ、この記事の下の単語を確認してください。

 

下に掲載したのは、ETS作成教材である”Official Guide”のTest 2, 3, 4と “Official Tests Volume 1” の Test 1, 2, 3のReading問題 全18パッセージの単語。
（このOfficial Guide, Reading Test 3, 4とOfficial Tests Vol. 1, Reading Test 1, 2, 3のパッセージはTPO3,  4, 5, 6, 18と同じもの）
18パッセージそれぞれに対して過去にブログ記事で単語の意味を伝えています。

 

 

» Amazon: Official Guide 改訂版（6th Edition）

 

　

» Amazon: Official Tests Volume 1 改訂版（4th Edition）

 

 

取り上げた単語は

「TOEFLを受けるなら知っていなければならない基礎的な単語・表現」

「TOEFLで高得点を取るために知っておくべき単語・表現」

「この問題に取り組み済みの人は覚えたい単語・表現」

の3つにカテゴリー分けしています。

 

ReadingやListeningで20点未満のスコアを取ることがある方は、18パッセージの「TOEFLを受けるなら知っていなければならない基礎的な単語・表現」に目を通してください。

1パッセージにつき数十ある、この「知っていなければならない基礎的な単語・表現」で意味を知らないものが多い場合は、まずはそのレベルの単語を着実に覚えることを優先しましょう。

 

「目指しているのが100点以上だから、試験に出る可能性の低い単語も覚えるべきでは？」

 

確かにそうですが、出題される可能性が高い単語を先に覚えたほうがいいですよね。試験に出る可能性の低い単語は、覚えた後、問題パッセージなどで見ることもあまりないので忘れてしまいがちですし。

単語本がレベル別に分かれている場合は、まずは低いレベルの単語を着実に覚えることを心がけましょう。

 

問題パッセージから単語を覚える場合は、単語の難易度レベルを気にしなくて結構です。その取り組み方のゴールは、問題パッセージを「意味を理解しながら、スラスラ読める」ようにすることであり、パッセージの中の単語の意味はすべて覚えようとしたほうがいいです。しかしパッセージの中で意味が説明されていたり、文脈上意味を知らなくても理解に支障がない（例えば、花崗岩、石灰岩など石の名前が並べられている）単語は意味を忘れてしまっても気にしないでください。パッセージ全体の理解に問題がなければOKとしましょう。私たちも日本語を読む際、意味を知らない専門用語を気にせず飛ばしながら読むこともありますよね。

 

以下の、Reading 18パッセージから取り出した単語にざっと目を通して、自分の単語力がTOEFLにおいてどのレベルにあるのか確認しましょう。

またOfficial Guideの9パッセージに対しては、それぞれから50語選んで、音声と意味を紹介するYouTube動画を作っていますのでそちらを活用して単語を覚えてもいいでしょう。

 

 

» Official Guide Reading Test 2 Passage 1 “Feeding Habits of East African Herbivores” の単語 

 

TOEFLを受けるなら知っていなければならない基礎的な単語・表現：50語

 

feeding habit, make up, live on, diet, herb, bush, appearance, vegetation, differ in, nutritious, stem, sparsely, proportion, feeding preference, lie in, associated, digestive system, extract A from B, make up for, gut, enjoy an advantage, microorganism, break down, digest, continually, chew, further, particle, in short supply, derive A out of B, partially, migrate, abundant, incompletely, wear down, set to work, leafy, fit in with, metabolic rate, provided (that),  mass, in turn, lead to, migratory habit, rainfall, likewise, fuel（動詞）, in a set order, exploit, alter

 

TOEFLで高得点を取るために知っておくべき単語・表現：11語

 

herbivore, illusory, succulent, regurgitate, unexploited, chomp, feeder, graze, trample, fastidious, choosy

 

この問題に取り組み済みの人は覚えたい単語・表現：7語

 

nonruminant, ruminant, more than make up for, rumen, ruminate, cud, to size

 

 

 

» Official Guide Reading Test 2 Passage 2 “Loie Fuller” の単語

 

TOEFLを受けるなら知っていなければならない基礎的な単語・表現：55語

 

theatrical, artistically, unfulfilling, mere, in turn, devise, voluminous, principally, wand, conceal, prestigious, primarily, glory, engage, darling, represent, elements, accord with, fluid, appeal to, liking for, for one’s sake, in oneself, moral, synthesize, in one’s infancy, gel, slide projection, aspect, patent, chemical dye, parallel, notably, illuminate, catch the eye of, depict, expertise, sophisticated, give little thought to, score, graduate to, composer, progressive, address, ambitious, invisibly, agitate, expanse,  simulate, fairy-tale, exposition, pantomime, assemble, appearance, pay tribute to

 

TOEFLで高得点を取るために知っておくべき単語・表現：13語

 

virtuosity, stint, emanate from, imagery, sinuous, leaning, concoct, famed for, pane, play upon [on], befriend, stagecraft, duet

 

この問題に取り組み済みの人は覚えたい単語・表現：6語

 

drapery, pointillist, frosted glass, lithograph, radium, phosphorescence

 

 

 

» Official Guide Reading Test 2 Passage 3 “Green Icebergs” の単語

 

TOEFLを受けるなら知っていなければならない基礎的な単語・表現：65語

 

iceberg, massive, float, mass, glacier, Greenland, Antarctica, melt, tidal, ordinarily, gravel, glow, horizon, attribute A to B, optical, optical illusion, illuminate, stand out, metallic, compound, copper, iron, expedition, vertical, glacial, analyses, penetrate through, compaction, bubble-free, property, upside down, expose, strand, distinct, sediment, portion, texture ［動詞］, erosion, crack, scatter, compression, concentration, single-celled, organism, pigment, edge, decompose, organic, particle, accumulate, dissolve, exclude A from B, absorb, wavelength, minute ［マイニュート 形容詞］, stick to, partially, compact ［動詞］, solid, uniquely, suited to, detach A from B, berg, drift, current ［名詞］

 

TOEFLで高得点を取るために知っておくべき単語・表現：4語

 

opaque, cloud cover, slush, soluble

 

この問題に取り組み済みの人は覚えたい単語・表現：7語

 

ice shelf, ice core, cylindrical, shelf ice, capsize, platelet, accrete

 

 

 

» Official Guide Reading Test 3 Passage 1 “Architecture” の単語

 

TOEFLを受けるなら知っていなければならない基礎的な単語・表現：80語

 

architecture, enclose, practical, symbolic, grow out of, aspiration, visual arts, affect, three-dimensional, utilize, mass, texture, element, instinctively, shelter, enhance, construction, inspiration, delight, contribute to, enrich, complement, suit, economically, feasible, client, define, function, architectural, mediocre, contemporary, trace, architect, strength, employ, physical law, dramatically, devise, in relation to, objective,  in terms of, deal with, downward, force, gravity, withstand, tension, pull apart, bending, integral, enormous, generation, ease, measure, comparable, component, frame, interior, vital, organ, permanence, pile, ruins, ancient, doorway, physical, overcome, arch, originally, segment, Mediterranean, chiefly, drain, extensively, aboveground, perfect［動詞］, horizontal, vertical, breakthrough, characterize

 

TOEFLで高得点を取るために知っておくべき単語・表現：10語

 

compression, skeleton, electrical wiring, igloo, arduous, Inca, Machu Picchu, beam, semicircular, divert

 

この問題に取り組み済みの人は覚えたい単語・表現：3語

 

plumbing, adobe, span［動詞］

 

 

 

» Official Guide Reading Test 3 Passage 2 “The Long-Term Stability of Ecosystems” の単語

 

TOEFLを受けるなら知っていなければならない基礎的な単語・表現：70語

 

long-term, stability, ecosystem, plant community, assemble, flexibly, particular, specific, ecologist, refer to, over time, pioneer, climax, species, may well do, relatively, replace, property, stable, organism, compose, diversity, food web, apparent, stability, complexity, extreme, farmland, dominate, crop, unstable, invasion, pest, entire, in contrast, temperate, tolerate, considerable, define, definition, alternatively, following［前置詞］, disturbance, fragile, state, associated with, maximum, mature, forest floor, ensure, mathematical, likewise, guarantee, break down, tricycle, factor, contribute to, severely, volcanic, explosion, in comparison to, aspect, resistance, relative, vary, uniform, population, extinct, immigrant, approximately

 

TOEFLで高得点を取るために知っておくべき単語・表現：8語

 

succession, successional, cumulative, resilience, adjacent, niche, vacate, intact

 

この問題に取り組み済みの人は覚えたい単語・表現：2語

 

pale in comparison to [with], patchiness

 

 

 

» Official Guide Reading Test 3 Passage 3 “Depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer” の単語

 

TOEFLを受けるなら知っていなければならない基礎的な単語・表現：80語

 

depletion, vast, grassland, settle, settlement, low-intensity, cattle, wheat, underlie [underlie, underlay, underlain], groundwater, inhabit, square kilometers, melting snow, accumulate, climatic, presently, rate, minimal, amount to, well, drought, expansion, irrigation, onward, transform, tap, device, landscape, dominate, geometric, circular, significant, grain-fed, fatten, unprecedented, finite, resource, negligible, virtually, water table, drastically, depth, in places, decline, necessitate, periodic, deepen, pump, withdrawal, critical, remaining, irrigate, inevitable, conserve, switch to, adopt, philosophy, profitable, incentive, profit, crisis, scheme, canal, pipeline, pump, uncompetitive, somewhat, promising, soil, inject, compressed air, genetic engineering, partial, strain, resistant, abundant, inexpensive, boom

 

TOEFLで高得点を取るために知っておくべき単語・表現：12語

 

aquifer, rancher, semiarid, ranching, sandstone, ensuing, recharge, replenish, in the face of, upcoming, grandiose, tenfold

 

この問題に取り組み済みの人は覚えたい単語・表現：1語

 

capillary

 

 

 

» Official Guide Reading Test 4 Passage 1 “Industrialization in the Netherlands and Scandinavia” の単語

 

TOEFLを受けるなら知っていなければならない基礎的な単語・表現：75語

 

industrialization, the Netherlands, Scandinavia, industrialize, lag behind, considerably, in view of, coal, inhabitant, exhibit, moderate, growth rate, in the course of, double, density, greatly, in between, characteristic, advantage［動詞］, literacy rate, of value, enormous, niche, evolve, current［名詞］,  immediate, implication, shipbuilding industry, take advantage of, in one’s own way, fishery, shipping, harbor, steamship, exceptional, processing, raw material, admirable, with respect to, strait, in return for, abolish, toll, fee, along with, policy shift, port, political institution, barrier, progressive, democratization, reasonably, well governed, notable, corruption,  give aid to, railway,  protectionist, agricultural reform, class, definite,  literacy, adapt to, areas of specialization, well suited for, commerce, notorious, fluctuation, return, aspect,  prosperity, export, account for, import

 

TOEFLで高得点を取るために知っておくべき単語・表現：11語

 

merchant marine, mercantile, pose, grandiose, in the main, peasant, market orientation, division of labor, stake out, well placed, in times of

 

この問題に取り組み済みの人は覚えたい単語・表現：5語

 

human capital, transit trade, foodstuff, the Sound, dues

 

 

 

» Official Guide Reading Test 4 Passage 2 “The Mystery of Yawning” の単語

 

TOEFLを受けるなら知っていなければならない基礎的な単語・表現：40語

 

yawn, conventional, alertness, breathe, blood oxygen levels, accompany, boredom, flaw, physiological, heart rate, muscle tension, detect, subject, cast doubt on, trigger, blood carbon dioxide, suppress, frequency, demonstrate, sufficiently, vigorous, have little to do with, have nothing to do with, hiccup, serve to do, clear out, it might be that, periodically, developmental, sound ［形容詞］, skeptical of, distracting, altogether, namely, mounted, behavioral, bear no relationship to, refer to ～ as,  out of place, precede

 

TOEFLで高得点を取るために知っておくべき単語・表現：8語

 

fetus, airway, secrete, blockage, deformed, empirical, accord with,  anecdotal

 

この問題に取り組み済みの人は覚えたい単語・表現：6語

 

conductance, amniotic fluid, congenital, such as it is, impending, incongruous

 

 

 

» Official Guide Reading Test 4 Passage 3 “Lightning” の単語

 

TOEFLを受けるなら知っていなければならない基礎的な単語・表現：40語

 

lightning, brilliant, flash, electrical, discharge, storm cloud, attractive, tension, negatively, positively, rush, separation, concentration, measurement, simulation, promising, ice crystal, electrical charge, collision, updraft, wind current, diameter, populate, collapse, (the) most likely to do, destructive, represent, occurrence, channel, current, electron, initiate, surge, cloud base, stream, pointed, flagpole, subsequent, forked

 

TOEFLで高得点を取るために知っておくべき単語・表現：2語

 

neutralize, pellet

 

この問題に取り組み済みの人は覚えたい単語・表現：2語

 

charged particle, charge separation

 

 

 

» Official Tests Vol. 1 Reading Test 1 Passage 1 “Deer Populations of the Puget Sound” の単語

 

TOEFLを受けるなら知っていなければならない基礎的な単語・表現：50語

prevalent, prairie, restricted to, diet, inhibit, meadow, shrub, herb, feed, harsh, decay, hibernate, urge, migrate, exposed, leafy, branch, explorer, settler, abundant, frontier, circumstances, game, consume, approximately, expedition, starvation, headquarters, botanical, disturbing, biographer, extermination, crop, reduction, log, wilderness, landscape, fate, wildlife, yield, annually, indefinite, rebound, consequence, predator, conservation, restoration, substantially, protein, vegetation

 

TOEFLで高得点を取るために知っておくべき単語・表現：23語

marshy, flood plain, understory, dormancy, compensation (for 〜),  built-in, browse, bushy, fluctuate, markedly, in the same breath, fort, dot, worsening, plight, encroach on, biotic, insure, profound, tract, deforest, nutritive, clearing

 

この問題に取り組み済みの人は覚えたい単語・表現：9語

sound, browse on, fair-weather, arboreal, fodder, bemoan, succulent, picturesquely, bode ill for

 

 

» Official Tests Vol. 1 Reading Test 1 Passage 2 “Cave Art in Europe”

 

TOEFLを受けるなら知っていなければならない基礎的な単語・表現：50語

cave, trace, bead, carving, date back to, crude, marked, degree, excavate, shelter, cliff, identify, principal, obviously, inhabit, religious, bare, environmental, contemporary, people(s), indeed, figure, depict, seek to do, spear, supply, herd, particular, symbolic, significance, explicitly, reveal, portray, hide, cattle, meaty, weapon, tusk, horn, unpredictability, consistent with, investigator, reflect, extinct, cease to do, confined to, anthropologist, interpretation, consciously, exaggerate

 

TOEFLで高得点を取るために知っておくべき単語・表現：10語

naturalistic, slab, gallery, chip, bovine, portrayal, shaft, engrave, phase, fertility

 

この問題に取り組み済みの人は覚えたい単語・表現：6語

reach(es), rest on, backdrop, trappings, notation, figurine

 

 

» Official Tests Vol. 1 Reading Test 1 Passage 3 “Petroleum Resources” の単語

 

TOEFLを受けるなら知っていなければならない基礎的な単語・表現：50語

petroleum, resource(s), crude oil,  originate from, organic matter, sediment, microscopic, settle, accumulate, mud, decompose, dissolve, decay, preserve, bury, subject A to B, convert A to[into] B, droplet, dense, underlie, density, steam, refinery, dye, fertilizer, hostile, expense, offshore, continental shelf, gently, sloping, continent, justify, forbid, given, extraction, extract, landslide, spill, spillage, cargo ship, collision, drift, ashore, harm, subside, flood, refine, strict, adverse

 

TOEFLで高得点を取るために知っておくべき単語・表現：8語

saturated, derrick, dismantle, spout, gusher, adjacent, kerosene, foul

 

この問題に取り組み済みの人は覚えたい単語・表現：6語

petrochemical(s), the North Sea, along the line, fault, grounding, oil slick

 

 

» Official Tests Vol. 1 Reading Test 2 Passage 1 “Minerals and Plants” の単語

 

TOEFLを受けるなら知っていなければならない基礎的な単語・表現：70語

mineral, soil, absorb, nitrogen, elemental, state, notoriously, deficient, nutrient, calcium, tolerate, depletion, concern, harvest, crop, interrupt, recycling, deficiency, detect, symptom, result in, tissue, isolated, patch, pigmentation, stem, woody, exhibit, characteristic, accumulation, mobilize, iron, vein, liquid, solution, selectively, application, facilitate, suspend, root, mist, toxic, concentration, tolerant, variety, agricultural, copper, identify, amass, entire, range, herb, shrub, tropical, subtropical, afford, investigator, waste, contaminate, scenario, abandoned, mine, irrigation, runoff, relocate, harvest, shoot, cultivation, restore, excavation

 

TOEFLで高得点を取るために知っておくべき単語・表現：17語

serpentine, chlorophyll, discoloration, overabundance, sodium, lead, mercury, aluminum, zinc, hundredfold, of choice, microbial, compound, compost, reburial, remediation, alpine

 

この問題に取り組み済みの人は覚えたい単語・表現：15語

necrosis, stunted, herbaceous, phosphorus, petiole, saline, cadmium, nickel, cobalt, manganese, legume, microbial, pathogen, off site, smelter

 

 

» Official Tests Vol. 1 Reading Test 2 Passage 2 “The Origin of The Pacific Island People” の単語 

 

TOEFLを受けるなら知っていなければならない基礎的な単語・表現：60語

primarily, scattered, define, estimate, speculation, encounter, solid, linguistic, archaeological, mutually, exclusive, devise, variously, implicitly, navigational, anthropologist, skilled, navigate, colonize, civilization, Norwegian, drift, log, raft, current, migration, Peruvian, contrary to, theorist, overwhelming, linguistics, archaeology, navigator, prevailing, colonization, appropriate, domesticated, suited to, varied, inventory, implement, originate, emerge, B.C.E, reconstruction, cultivate, possess, foundation, adaptation, voyage, accidentally, reasonable, deliberate, expedition, set out, detailed, means, waters, derived from, presence

 

TOEFLで高得点を取るために知っておくべき単語・表現：10語

fanciful, deprecate, marginal, prerequisite, sugarcane, maritime, maroon, adrift, feat, undisputed

 

この問題に取り組み済みの人は覚えたい単語・表現：12語

Oceania, Melanesia, Micronesia, Polynesia, Melanesian, reed, physical anthropology, Austronesian, outrigger canoe, Polynesian, the New World, pre-Columbian

 

 

» Official Tests Vol. 1 Reading Test 2 Passage 3 “The Cambrian Explosion” の単語

 

TOEFLを受けるなら知っていなければならない基礎的な単語・表現：50語

mark［動詞］, life-form, cell, originate, extinct, evolve, diversification, refer to A as B, multicellular, relatively, compared to, fossil record, document［動詞］, series of, evolutionary, evolution, interpretation, regarding, fossilize, fossilization, sediment(s), discourage, decomposition, exclusively, distribution, date to, clue, represent, ancestor, present, assign 〜 (to …）, arise, descendant, British Columbia, mud slide, bury, marine, predator, representative, previously, think of A as B, progression, followed by, zoologist, virtually, competition, existing, species, sequence, await

 

TOEFLで高得点を取るために知っておくべき単語・表現：8語

nuclei, paleontologist, remains, locale, algae, arthropod, mite, niche

 

この問題に取り組み済みの人は覚えたい単語・表現：6語

the Cambrian explosion, eukaryotic life-form, fossil bed, formation, Precambrian times, detritus

 

 

» Official Tests Vol. 1 Reading Test 3 Passage 1 “Powering the Industrial Revolution” の単語

 

TOEFLを受けるなら知っていなければならない基礎的な単語・表現：70語

industrial revolution, reign, the Middle Ages, windmill, running water, suited to, continuous, waterpower, abound, grain, textile mill, disadvantage, stream, flow, drought, machinery, in short, movable, exploit, pump, come into use, steam, atmospheric, pressure, condense, vacuum, vastly, revolutionary, principle, wasteful, fuel, employ, coal mine, stroke, devise, wheel, convert, motion, back and forth, thereby, transform, inefficient, consumption, liberate, dependence on, eliminate, mining, illumination, millennium, grow accustomed to, gaslit, charcoal, benefit from, supply, blast, motive, retain, virtual, monopoly, merely, multiply, printing press, eliminate, weight, hilly, ingredient, close at hand, wagon, rail, spring from

 

TOEFLで高得点を取るために知っておくべき単語・表現20語

harness, piston, cylinder, embody, reciprocate, rotary, flickering, well-to-do, starve for, ever-increasing, furnace, iron ore, turnpike, terrain, roadbed, laden, haul, stationary, puff, take the place of

 

この問題に取り組み済みの人は覚えたい単語・表現：4語

bellows, the British Isles, canal boat, flanged

 

 

» Official Tests Vol. 1 Reading Test 3 Passage 2 “William Smith” の単語

 

TOEFLを受けるなら知っていなければならない基礎的な単語・表現：35語

ordinary, blacksmith, roam, fossil, abundant, teach oneself, survey, savings, surveyor, proceed to do, excavate, coal, canal, steam locomotive, at one’s height, transport, deposit, worth (doing), mine, reveal, coach, catalog, accumulation, sequence, differ from, reliable, distinguish, tell apart, consistent, endure, relative, temporal, principle, valid, virtually

 

TOEFLで高得点を取るために知っておくべき単語・表現10語

rudimentary, apprenticed to, stratum/strata, meticulously, ion, faunal, succession, floral, ubiquitous, arthropod

 

この問題に取り組み済みの人は覚えたい単語・表現：8語

parish, outcrop, the length and breadth of, quartz, shale, sandstone, limestone, trilobite

 

 

» Official Tests Vol. 1 Reading Test 3 Passage 3 “Infantile Amnesia” の単語

 

TOEFLを受けるなら知っていなければならない基礎的な単語・表現：50語

meaningful, distinctive, hospitalized, sibling, inability, recall, sheer, passage, account for, recognition, seemingly, plausible, infant, enduring, hypothesis, reflect, hold back, episode, phenomenon, promising, relevant to, frontal lobe, childhood, critical, retrieve, demonstration, motor, reach for, in the dark, pull apart, explicit, verbal, description, endure, extract, gist, consistent with, increasingly, engage in, sufficient, critically, reconstruct, perspective, material, mismatch, verbally, exclusive, access, conversely, overcome

 

TOEFLで高得点を取るために知っておくべき単語・表現12語

infantile, amnesia, scanty, repression, toddler, physiological, maturation, incompatibility, retrieval, mutually, immaturity, preschooler

 

この問題に取り組み済みの人は覚えたい単語・表現：2語

verbalizable, encode